Malagasy people cut down the forests to cultivate land,
their main source income. The enormous forests on the world's fourth largest
island are home to some of the planet's rarest species, including lemurs,
chameleons and baobab trees, but deforestation has put great pressure on its
diverse environment.
Conservation International (CI), a US-based
non-governmental organisation (NGO), which works to preserve biodiversity
globally, said that by 2005, Madagascar
had managed to reduce the deforestation rate to 0.5 percent per year from
almost double that figure in the 1990s. Statistics for the past three years
were not yet available, but the figures were likely to show further reductions,
CI said.
In 2003, President Marc Ravalomanana's government
announced an ambitious national effort to protect Madagascar's remaining biodiversity
while simultaneously reducing poverty and promoting rural development. The plan
was to increase the country's protected habitats from 1.7 to 6 million
hectares, or from 3 percent to 10 percent of the Indian
Ocean island's surface area.
"The government and we have put much effort into
raising the awareness of environmental protection among the people here. The
main thing is to show the population that it would also help them to stop
cutting down their forests," the CI's Andriviamdolantsoa Rasolo Hery told
IRIN.
"Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the
world, which makes the government's commitment to biodiversity even more
remarkable," Alison Cameron, co-lead researcher of a project that put
together a conservation map for Madagascar, told a Western newspaper.
All part of a vicious cycle
Cutting trees to grow maize in the eastern part of the
country, and to cultivate beans and rice in the west, are the main causes of
deforestation, which contributes to the further erosion of cultivated land.
Less than 10 percent of the Makira Forest in Madagascar's eastern half still
stands today.
"Small-scale agriculture is the biggest concern.
Farmers cultivate hillside rice by burning down trees and irrigating with
rainfall. Over time, this traditional practice exhausts the soil, increases
erosion, and contaminates water supplies," according to CI. This has an
immediate impact on the welfare of the Malagasy population.
Faralal Rasafi, of The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF),
said: "We use simple words: No forest - no rain - no forest - erosions.
This way we are introducing the term, 'climate change'. We start with easy
language and then we talk about more complicated issues." WWF, which runs
several projects in Madagascar,
uses these arguments to convince local people to stop cutting down their
forests.
CI is working with the government and the Wildlife
Conservation Society, a US-based NGO, to train farmers to improve harvests on
the same plot of land instead of cutting down trees to make space for new
fields every few years.
The United Nations estimates that across the world
around 13 million hectares of forest are cleared every year. Tropical
deforestation contributes to 20 percent of global carbon emissions, and experts
say slowing the rate of forest destruction is one of the cheapest and easiest
ways to fight climate change.
Climate change is already affecting the people of Madagascar,
which is hit almost every year by deadly cyclones, more than those in many
other countries in the world.
Scientists say warming seas, linked to climate change,
are likely to increase the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in the
coming decades, and some suspect this is already happening.
The destruction of forests is also endangering the
country's unique biodiversity, which could reduce income from ecotourism,
environment groups warn.
Madagascar broke away from the rest of Africa
around 160 million years ago, leaving its flora and fauna to evolve separately
from the African continent.
Due to its isolation it has developed an enormous
variety of endemic species: of more than 200,000 known species found on Madagascar,
about 150,000 exist nowhere else.